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Dr. Deborah Bauer received her PhD from the University of California, Los Angeles in 2013. Her research has focused primarily on the cultural, diplomatic, and military history of France and the French Empire at the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Her book, Marianne is Watching: Intelligence, Counterintelligence and the creation of the French Surveillance State was published with the Nebraska University Press in 2021. She is currently working on a project involving the French annexation of Madagascar at the end of the nineteenth century.